INDEX.

• ABOU-ZEYD, his account of fish on dry land, 350 n.
• Abyssinia, fishes of, 352 .
• Acalephæ, 398 . See Radiata.
• Acanthopterygii, 360 .
• Accipitres, 245 .
• Acherontia Sathanas, 427
• Adam's Peak, elephants on the summit, 109 .
• Ælian's account of the mermaid, 69 .
  • his statement as to the export of elephants from Ceylon, 77 n., 209 n.
  • error as to the shedding of the elephant's tusks, 79 n.
  • describes elephants killing criminals with their knees. 87 n.
  • error as to elephants' joints, 102 .
  • his account of Ceylon tortoises, 293 .
  • his account of the superiority of the elephants of Ceylon, 209 n.
  • his description of the performances of the trained elephants at Rome, 237 .
  • his account of the sword-fish, 328 .
  • describes a Cheironectes, 331 .
• African elephant, its peculiarities, 65 .
  • not inferior to the Indian in tractability, 208 .
• Albino buffalo, 57 .
  • deer, 59 .
• Albyrouni, on the pearl oyster, 375 .
• Alce, described by Pliny and Cæsar, 101 n.
• Alexandria, story of the dogs at, 34 .
• Alligator, 283 . See Crocodile.
• Almeida, Manoel de, on burying fishes, 353 n.
• Amboina, mermaids at, 70 .
• Ampullaria, its faculty of burying itself, 355 .
• Anabas, 354 .
  • Daldorf's account of, doubted, 349 . 350 .
  • accidents from, 351 n.
• Angling bad in Ceylon, 335 n., 341 .
• Annelidæ, leeches, 479 .
  • land-leech, its varieties, 482 .
  • land-leech, its teeth and eyes, 480 .
  • its tormenting bite, 482 .
  • list of, 485 .
• Anseres, 260 .
• Ansted, Prof., on the geology of Ceylon, 61 .
  • his statement as to the height of Indian elephants, 100 n.
• Antiochus, elephants used by, 208 .
• Antipater, the first to bring the Indian elephant to Europe, 207 .
• Ant-lion, 411 . See Insects.
• Ants, 420 See Insects.
  • red, 420 . 422 .
  • white, 412 . See Termites.
  • their faculty in discovering food, 421 .
• Armandi's work on the use of elephants in war, 208 n.
• Aphaniptera, 433 .
• Arachnidæ, spiders, 464 .
  • extraordinary webs, 464 .
  • Olios Taprobanius, 470 .
  • Mygale fasciata, 465 .
  • erroneously called "tarentula," ib .
  • anecdote of, 466 .
  • spiders, the Mygale, 465 .
  • birds killed by it, 468 .
  • Galeodes, 470 .
  • ticks, their multitude, 471 .
  • mites, 472 .
  • Trombidium tinctorum, 472 .
  • list of, 485 .
• Argus cowrie, 369 .
• Aripo, the sea-shore, 373 .
• Aristotle, account of fishes migrating overland, 344 .
  • sounds made by elephants, 97 .
  • his error as to the elephant's knees, 101 .
• Armitage, Mr., story of an elephant on his estate, 139 .
• Articulata, list of, 485 .
• Athenæus, anecdotes of fishes on dry land, 346 . [pg 490]
• Avicula, 373 . See Pearl Fishery.
• Avitchia, story of, 244 . See Jackdaw.
• Ayeen Akbery, elephant stomach described in, 128 .

• Baker, Mr., his theory of the passion for sporting, 142 n.
  • its accuracy questionable, 142 n.
• Badger, the Ceylon, 38 . See Mongoos.
• Bandicoot rat, 44 .
• Barbezieux, on the elephant, 104 .
• Batocera rubus, 406 .
• Batrachia, 318 .
• Bats, 13 See Mammalia and Cheiroptera.
  • orange-coloured bats, 14 .
  • bats do not hybernate in Ceylon, 18 .
  • horse-shoe bat, 19 .
  • sense of smell and touch, 19 .
  • small bat, Scotophilus Coromandelicus, 20 .
  • their parasite (Nycteribia), 20 -22.
• Batticaloa, musical fish, 380 .
• Bears, 22 . See Mammalia.
  • ferocity of, 23 .
  • charm to protect from, 25 n.
• Beaters for elephants, 150 .
• Beaver, on African elephant, 234 .
• Beckman's account of fishes on dry land, 346 .
• Bees, 419 . See Insects.
• Beetles, 405 . See Insects.
  • instincts of the scavenger beetle, 405 .
  • coco-nut beetle, 407 .
  • tortoise beetle, 408 .
• Bell, Sir Charles, on the elephant's shoulder, 108 .
• Benary, his derivation of the word elephant, 76 n.
• Bengal mode of taking elephants, 164 .
• Bennett's account of Ceylon, Introd .
  • work on its Ichthyology, 323 .
• Bernier, on the Ceylon elephant, 209 .
• Bertolacci, on form of chank shell, 372 .
• Bestiaries, 104 .
• Bicho de Mar. See Holothuria.
• Birds of Ceylon, 241 .
  • their number and character, ib .
  • few songsters, 242 .
  • pea-fowl, 244 .
  • eagles and hawks, 245 .
  • owls, devil bird, 246 . 247 .
  • swallows, 248 .
  • edible bird' nests, 248 .
  • kingfisher, sun birds, 249 .
  • bulbul, tailor bird, weaver bird, 251 .
  • crows, anecdotes of, 253 .
  • paroquets, 256 .
  • pigeons, 257 .
  • jungle-fowl, 259 .
  • grallæ, flamingoes, 260 .
  • list of Ceylon birds, 265 .
• Bird-eating spiders, 469 .
• Birds' nests, edible, 248 .
• Blainville, De, on the age of the elephant, 232 .
• Blair, on the anatomy of the elephant, 123 n.
• Bles, Marcellus, on the elephants of Ceylon, 113 n., 215 n.
• Blood-suckers, 275 .
• Blyth, Mr., of Calcutta, his cultivation of zoology, 4 .
  • his revision of this work, Introd .
• Boa, 303 . See Python.
• Boar, wild, 59 .
• Bochart, 68 .
  • his derivation of the word "elephant," 76 n.
• Bora-chung, a curious fish, 367 .
• Bosquez, Demas, account of a mermaid, 70 .
• Bowring, Sir John, on the fishes of Siam, 348 .
• Broderip, on the elephant, 122 .
• Browne, Sir Thomas, vulgar errors, 100 . 105 .
  • error as to elephants' joints, 102 .
• Brun, Le, account of the elephants at Colombo, 77 n.
• Bruno or Braun, his account of the Guinea worm, 397 .
• Buchanan, story of buffalo "rogues," 115 n.
• Buffalo, 54 . See Mammalia.
  • its temper, 54 .
  • sporting buffaloe, 55 .
  • peculiar structure of its foot, 56 .
  • rogue buffalo, 115 n.
  • buffalo's stomach and its water-cells, 129 n.
• Buffon, on the elephant, 113 n., 215 .
• Bugs, 433 . See Insects and Coffee-bug.
• Buist, Dr., account of fish fallen from clouds, 362 .
• Bulbul, 251 . See Birds.
• Bulimi, their vitality, 357 .
• Bullia, curious property of, 370 .
• Bullocks for draught, 50 .
• Burying fishes, 351 .
• Butterflies, 403 . 425 . See Insects.
  • migration of, 403 n.
  • the spectre butterfly, 426 .

• Cæcilia, 317 . See Reptiles.
• Cæsar's description of the "alce," 100 n.
• Cajan, 373 n.
• Caldera, in Chili, musical sounds under water, 383 .
• Calotes, the green, 276 .
• Camel, attempt to domesticate in Ceylon, 53 n.
  • stomach of, 128 .
  • antipathy to the horse, 83 n.
• Camper, on the anatomy of the elephant's stomach, 125 .
• Carawala, 296 . See Reptiles.
• Carnivora, 74 . [pg 491]
• Carpenter bee, 418 . See Insects.
• Caterpillars, stings of, 429 .
• Cats attracted by the Cuppa-may-niya, 33.
• Centipede, 474 . See Myriapoda and Scolopendræ.
• Ceratophora, 279 .
• Cerithia, 381 .
  • probably musical, 381 n.
• Cermatia, 473 . See Myriapoda.
• Cetacea, 68 . 74 .
  • described by Megasthenes and Ælian, 69 .
• Chameleon, 278 . See Reptiles.
• Chank shell, Turbinella rapa, 371 . See [Greek: Kochlious] and Schenek.
• Cheetah, 26 . See Leopard.
• Cheironectes, described by Ælian, 331 .
• Cheiroptera, 13 . 74 .
• Chelifer, 475 .
• Chelonia, 322 .
• Chena cultivation, 130 .
• Cicada, 432 . See Insects.
• Cirrhipeda, 486 .
• Cissa, 252 .
• Civet, 32 . See Genette.
• Climbing fish (Anabas scandens), 349 .
• Cluverius, 68 .
• Cobra de Capello, anecdotes of, 297 .
  • legend of, 297 n.
  • a white cobra, 298 n.
  • a tame cobra, 299 n.
  • cobra crossing the sea, 300 .
  • curious belief as to the cobra, 300 . 301 .
  • worship of, 303 .
• Cobra-tel, poison, 272 . See Kabara-tel.
• Coecilia glutinosa, 317 .
  • attacked and killed by ants, 422 .
• Coco-nut beetle, 407 .
• Coffee-bug, Lecanium Caffeæ, 436 .
• Coffee rat, 43 .
• Coleoptera, 405 .
• Columbidæ, 257 .
• Conchology. See Shells.
• Cooroowe, elephant catchers, 181 .
• Corral for taking elephants, 156 . 164 . See Elephant.
  • process of its construction, 170 .
  • mode of conducting the capture, 156 . 169 .
• Corse, Mr., account of elephants, 114 .
• Cosmas Indico pleustes, his reference to chanks at Marallo, 371 .
• Cotton-thief, 250 . See Tchitrea.
• Crabs, 477 . See Crustacea.
• Cripps, Mr., on sounds produced by elephants, 98 .
  • his story of an elephant which feigned death, 135 .
  • his account of fishes after rain, 343 .
• Crocodile, 282 . See Reptiles.
  • its sensibility to tickling, 285 .
  • habit of the crocodile to bury itself in the mud, 286 .
  • its flesh eaten, 284 n.
  • their vitality, 288 n.
  • one killed at Batticaloa, 287 .
• Crows, 233 . See Birds.
  • anecdotes of, 254 .
  • story of a crow and a dog, 255 .
• Cruelty to turtle, &c., 291 .
• Crustacea, calling crabs, 477 .
  • Sand crabs (ocypode), 478 .
  • Painted crabs, 478 .
  • Paddling crabs, 478 .
  • Hermit crabs, 478 .
  • Pea crabs, 479 .
  • List of Ceylon Crustacea, 486 .
• Ctesias' error as to the elephant's knee, 101 .
• Cumming, Mr. Gordon, on the power of the elephant in overturning trees, 218 n.
• Cuppa-moy niya plant, its attraction for cats, 33 n.
• Cuvier, on the elephant, 133 .
  • on the structure of its tusks, 228 .
  • on the elephant's age, 232 .

• Daldorf's account of climbing fish, 350 .
  • his story doubted, 350 .
• Darwin, burying-place of llamas and goats, 236 n.
  • on the coleoptera of Brazil, 405 .
• Davy, Dr. John, describes the reptiles of
  • Ceylon, 3 .
  • stimulates study of natural history, 3 .
  • operation on a diseased elephant, 224 .
• Dawson, Captain, story of an elephant, 107 .
• Deafness frequent in elephants, 98 .
• Death's-head moth, 427 .
• Decoy elephants, 157 .
• Decapoda brachyura, 486 .
  • anomura, 486 .
  • macrura, 486 .
• Deer, 57 .
  • meminna, 58 .
  • Ceylon elk, 59 .
  • milk-white, 59 n.
• Demon-worship, anecdote of, 408 .
• Denham, error as to height of elephants, 99 .
• Devil-bird, 246 . See Owls.
  • Mr. Mitford's account of, 247 n.
• Diard, M., sends home an elephant for dissection, 123 n.
• Dicuil on the elephant, 103 .
• Diptera, 434 .
• Dogs, 33 .
  • device of, to escape fleas, 433 . 434 .
  • dog-tax, 33 .
  • republican instincts, 34 .
  • disliked by elephants, 82 . 84 . [pg 492]
• Donne, on the elephant, 105 .
• Doras, fish of Guiana, 347 .
• Dragon-flies, 411 . See Insects.
• Dugong, 68 . 69 .
  • abundant at Manaar, 69 .
  • origin of the fable of the mermaid, 69 .
• Dutch belief in the mermaid, 70 .

• Eagles, 245 . See Birds.
• Edentata, 46 . 74 .
• Edrisi, the Arabian geographer, his account of musk, 32 n.
• Eels, 337 . 347 n.
• Eginhard, life of Charlemagne, 103 .
• Elephant, 64 . 75 .
  • Sumatran species, 64 .
  • points of distinction, 65 .
  • those of Ceylon extolled, 209 .
  • elephants on Adam's Peak, 109 .
  • numbers in Ceylon, 76 .
  • [Greek: Elephas], derivation of the word, 76 n.
  • antiquity of the trade in, 77 .
  • numbers diminishing, 77 .
  • mode of poisoning, 77 n.
  • tusks and their uses, 78 .
  • disposition gentle, 81 .
  • accidents from, 81 .
  • antipathy to other animals, 82 ; to the horse, 83 .
  • jealousy of each other, 86 .
  • mode of attacking man, 87 .
  • anecdote of a tame elephant, 89 .
  • African elephant differs from that of Ceylon, 64 .
  • skin, 91 .
  • white elephant, 92 .
  • love of shade, 94 .
  • water, not heat, essential to them, 94 .
  • sight limited—smell acute, 95 .
  • anatomy of the brain, 95 .
  • power of smell, 96 .
  • sounds uttered by, 96 .
  • subject to deafness, 98 .
  • exaggeration as to size, 98 .
  • source of this mistake, 98 n.
  • stealthy motions, 100 .
  • error as to the elephant's want of joints, 100 .
  • probable origin of this mistake, 106 .
  • mode of lying down, 107 .
  • ability to climb acclivities, 108 .
  • mode of descending a mountain, 110 .
  • a herd is a family, 111 .
  • attachment to young, 112 .
  • young suckled by all the females in a herd, 113 .
  • theory of this, according to White, 113 n.
  • a rogue, what, 114 .
  • savage attacks of rogues, 116 .
  • character of the rogues, 116 . 147 .
  • habits of the herd, 117 .
  • anecdote of, 118 .
  • elephant's mode of drinking, 120 .
  • their method of swimming, 121 .
  • wells sunk by, 122 .
  • receptacle in the stomach, 122 .
  • stomach, anatomy of, 124 .
  • food of the elephant, 129 .
  • instinct in search of food, 130 .
  • dread of fences, 131 .
  • their caution exaggerated, 132 .
  • spirit of curiosity in elephants, 132 .
  • anecdote of Col. Hardy, 132 . 133 .
  • sagacity in freedom over-estimated, 134 .
  • leave the forests during thunder, 134 .
  • cunning, feign death, 135 .
  • stories of encounters with wild elephants, 136 .
  • sporting, numbers shot, 142 .
  • butchery by expert shots, 142 n.
  • fatal spots in the head, 144 . 145 .
  • peculiar actions of elephants, 148 .
  • love of retirement, 149 .
  • elephant-trackers, 150 .
  • herd charging, 151 .
  • carcase useless, 153 .
  • remarkable recovery from a wound, 154 . See Lieut. Fretz.
  • mode of taking in India, 157 -162.
  • height measured by the circumference of the foot, 159 .
  • mode of shipping elephants at Manaar, 162 .
  • mode of shipping elephants at Galle, in 1701, 163 n.
  • keddah for taking elephants in Bengal, 164 .
  • a corral (kraal) described, 165 . 166 .
  • derivation of the word corral, 165 n.
  • corral, its construction, 167 . 172 .
  • corral, driving in the elephants, 173 .
  • the capture, 177 .
  • mode of securing, 181 .
  • the "cooroowe," or noosers, 181 .
  • tame elephants, their conduct, 182 . 191 .
  • captives, their resistance and demeanour, 184 .
  • dread of white rods, 186 .
  • their contortions, 190 .
  • a young one, 206 .
  • conduct in captivity, 207 .
  • mode of training, 211 .
  • their employment in ancient warfare, 207 .
  • superiority of Ceylon, a fallacy, 209 .
  • elephant driver's crook (hendoo), 212 .
  • hairy elephants in Ceylon, 215 n. [pg 493]
• Elephants, capricious disposition of, 215 .
  • first labour intrusted to them, 217 .
  • his comprehension of his duties, 218 .
  • exaggeration of his strength in uprooting trees, 218 n.
  • Mahouts and their duties, 221 .
  • Their cry of urre!, 222 n.
  • elephant's sense of musical notes, 223 .
  • its endurance of pain, 224 .
  • diseases in captivity, 225 .
  • subject to tooth-ache, 227 .
  • questionable economy of keeping trained elephants for labour, 229 .
  • their cost, 230 .
  • their food, 230 n.
  • fallacy of their alleged reluctance to breed in captivity, 231 .
  • duration of life in the elephant, 232 .
  • theory of M. Fleurens, 232 .
  • instances of very old elephants in Ceylon, 233 .
  • dead elephant never found, 234 .
  • Sinbad's story, 236 .
  • passage from Ælian regarding the, 237 .
• Elk, 59 . See Deer; Mammalia.
• Emydosauri, 321 .
• Emys trijuga, 290 .
• Englishman, anonymous, his story of a fight between elephants and horses, 84 .

• Falconer, Dr., height of Indian elephant, 99 n.
• Falkland Islands, peculiarity in the cattle there, 372 n.
• Fauna of Ceylon, not common to India, Introd ., 62 .
  • peculiar and independent, Introd ., 62 .
  • have received insufficient attention, 3 .
  • first study due to Dr. Davy, 3 .
  • subsequent, due to Templeton, Layard, and Kelaart, 3 . 4 .
• Fishes of Ceylon, little known, 323 .
  • seir fish, and others for table, 324 .
  • abundance of perch, soles, and sardines, 324 .
  • explanation of Odoric's statement, 324 n.
  • sardines, said to be poisonous, 324 .
  • shark, and sawfish, 325 .
  • sawfish, 325 .
  • ray, 326 .
  • swordfish, 328 .
  • cheironectes of Ælian, 331 .
  • fishes of rare forms, and of beautiful colours, 332 .
  • fresh-water fishes, their peculiarities, 335 .
  • fresh-water, little known, ib.; reason, 335 n.
  • eels, 337 .
  • reappearance of fishes after the dry season, 340 .
• Fishes, similar mysterious re-appearances elsewhere, 342 n.
  • method of taking them by hand, 340 .
  • a fish decoy, 342 .
  • fish filling from clouds, 342 n., 362 .
  • buried alive in mud, 347 .
  • Mr. Yarrell's theory controverted, 344 .
  • travelling overland, 345 .
  • the fact was known to the Greeks and Romans, 345 .
  • instances in Guiana and Siam, 347 .
  • faculty of all migratory fish for discovering water, 347 n.
  • on dry land in Ceylon, 348 .
  • fish ascending trees, 349 .
  • excerpt from letter by Mr. Morris, 348 n.
  • Anabas scandens, 349 . 350 .
  • Daldorf's statement, anticipated by Abou-zeyd, 350 n.
  • accidents when fishing, 351 n.
  • burying fishes and travelling fish, 351 .
  • occurrence of similar fish in Abyssinia and elsewhere, 352 .
  • statement of the patriarch Mendes, 353 n.
  • knowledge of habits of Melania employed judicially by E.L. Layard, 355 n.
  • illustrations of æstivating fish and animals, 356 .
  • æstivating shell-fish and water-beetlea, 351 .
  • fish in hot water, 358 .
  • list of Ceylon fishes, 359 .
  • Professor Huxley's memorandum on the fishes of Ceylon, 364 .
  • Dr. Gray's memorandum, 366 .
  • Note on the Bora-chung, 367 .
• Fishing, native mode of, 340 .
• Fish insect, 475 .
• Flamingoes, 261 . See Birds.
• Fleas, 433 . See Insects.
• Fleurens, on the duration of life in the elephant, 232 .
• Flies, their instinct in discovering carrion, 196 n.
  • mosquitoes, the plague of, 434 .
• Flowers, fondness of monkeys for, 7 .
• Flying Fox. Pteropus Edwardsii, 14 . See Mammalia.
  • its sizes, 14 .
  • skeleton of, 15 .
  • food, 16 .
  • habits, 16 .
  • numbers, 16 .
  • strange attitudes, 17 .
  • food and habits, 18 .
  • drinking toddy, 18 .
• Flying squirrels, 41 .
• Fresh-water fishes, 335 .
• Fretz, Lieut., his singular wound, 154 . [pg 494]
• Frogs, 318 .
  • tree frogs, 319 . 320 .

• Galle, elephants shipped in 1701, 163 n.
• Gallinæ, 259 .
• Galloperdix bicalcaratus, 259 .
• Gallwey, Capt. P.P., great number of elephants shot by him, 142 .
• Game birds, 265 .
• Gardner, Dr., his account of the coffee bug, 436 -441.
• Gaur, 49 See Mammalia.
  • Knox's account of the gaur, 49 .
• Geckoes, 281 .
• Gemma Frisius, 68 .
• Genette, 32 .
• Geology of Ceylon, errors as to, 60 .
  • previous accounts, 61 .
  • traditions of ancient submersion, 61 . 67 .
  • Ceylon has a fauna distinct from India, 62 .
• "Golden Meadows," 211 n. See Massoude.
• Golunda rat, 43 .
• Goondah, 114 . See Rogue.
• Gooneratne, Mr., Introd .
  • his story of the jackal, 35 .
• Gordon Cumming, his butchery of elephants in Africa, 146 n.
• Gowra-ellia, 49 .
• Grallæ, 260 .
• Gray, Dr. J.E., Brit. Mus., Introd .
  • notice of Ceylon fishes, 366 .
• Great fire-fish, 332 .
• Guinea worm, 397 .
• Günther, Dr. A., on Ceylon reptiles, 275 n., 304 .
• Gwillim's Heraldry, error as to elephants, 105 n.

• Hambangtotte, elephants of, 99 .
• Hardy, Col, anecdote of, when chased by an elephant, 133 .
• Hardy, Rev. Spence, describes a white monkey, 8 .
• Haroun Alraschid, sends an elephant to Charlemagne, 103 .
• Harrison, Dr., 95 .
  • his anatomy of the elephant, 123 n., 126 .
  • his account of elephant's head, 142 .
  • of the elephant's ear, 223 .
• Hastisilpe, a work on elephants, 87 n., 91 .
• Hawking, 246 .
• Hawks. See Birds, 246 .
• Hedge-hog, 46 .
• Helix hæmastoma, its colouring, 372 .
• Hemiptera, 433 . 462 .
• Hendoo, crook for driving elephants, 212 .
• Herd, a, of elephants, is a family, 111 .
  • its mode of electing a leader, 117 .
• Herodotus, on mosquitoes, 435 .
  • antipathy of the elephant to the camel, 83 n.
• Herpestes, 38 .
• Herport, Albrecht, his work on India, 71 n.
• Hesperidæ, 426 .
• Hill, Sir John, error as to elephants, 98 .
• Hippopotamus rogues, 115 n.
• Histiophorus, 330 . See Sword-fish.
• Holland, Dr., his theory as to the formation of tusks, 89 n.
• Holothurin, sea-slug and Trepang, 396 .
• Home, Sir Everard, on the elephant's stomach, 124 .
  • error as to the elephant's ear, 223 .
• Home, Randal, error as to elephant, 105 n.
• Homoptera, 462 . 463 .
• Honey-comb, great size of, 418 .
• Hooker, Dr. J.D., on the elephants of the Himalaya, 110 n.
  • error as to white ants' nests, 413 .
  • on ticks in Nepal, 471 n., 472 .
• Hora, 115 . See Rogue.
• Horace, alludes to a white elephant, 92 n.
• Hornbill, Buceros, 242 . 243 .
• Horse, alleged antipathy to the elephant, 83 .
  • to the camel, 83 n.
  • story of, and an elephant, 89 .
  • horses taught to fight with elephants, 84 .
• Hotambeya, 40 . See Mongoos.
• Hot-water fishes, 358 .
• Hunt, mode of conducting an elephant-hunt, 157 .
• Hunter, Dr. John, his theory of æstivation, 356 .
• Hurra! 223 n.
• Huxley, Prof., Introd .
  • his memorandum on the fishes of Ceylon, 364 .
• Hydrophobia in jackals, 36 .
• Hymenoptera, 416 .

• Ianthina, 370 .
• Ichneumon, 39 . See Mongoos.
• Iguana, 271 . See Reptiles.
• Infusoria, Red, in the Ceylon seas, 400 .
• Insects of Ceylon, 403 .
  • their profusion and beauty, 403 .
  • hitherto imperfectly described, 404 .
  • coleoptera, 405 .
  • Beetles, scavengers, 405 .
  • coco-nut beetle, tortoise beetle, 407 .
  • tortoise beetle, 408 .
  • Orthoptera, 408 .
  • the soothsayer, leaf-insect, 410 .
  • Neuroptera, 411 .
  • dragon-flies, 411 .
  • ant-lion, 411 .
  • white ant, termites, 411 . [pg 495]
• Insects, Hymenoptera, mason-wasp, 416 .
  • wasps, bees, wasps' nest, 418 .
  • carpenter bee, 418 .
  • ants, 420 .
  • value of scavenger ants to conchologists, 421 .
  • dimiya or red ant, 422 .
  • introduced to destroy coffee-bug, 423 .
  • Lepidoptera, butterflies, 424 .
  • lycænidæ, hesperidæ, 426 .
  • acherontia sathanas, 427 .
  • moths, silk-worm, 427 .
  • stinging caterpillars, 429 .
  • oiketicus, 430 .
  • Homoptera, cicada, the "knife-grinder," 432 .
  • Flata, 433 .
  • Aphaniptera—fleas, 433 .
  • Diptera—mosquitoes, 434 .
  • Coffee bug, 436 -441.
  • Mr. Walker's memorandum on Ceylon insects, 442 .
  • list, 447 .
• Ivory, annual consumption, 78 n.
  • superiority of Chinese, ib.

• Jackal, 35 .
  • its cunning, 35 .
  • probably the "fox" of Scripture, 35 .
  • its sagacity in hunting, 36 .
  • subject to hydrophobia, 36 .
  • jackal's horn, the narric comboo, 37 .
  • superstitions connected with, 37 .
• Jackdaw, fable of, 244 . See Avitchia.
• Jardine, Sir W., error as to elephants shedding their tusks, 79 n.
• Jay, the mountain, 252 . See Cissa.
• Joinville, on the parasite of the bat, 20 .
• Julus, 477 .
• Jungle fowl, 259 . See Birds.
• Juvenal's allusion to fishes on land, 346 .

• Kabragoya, 272 . 273 . See Iguana.
  • Kabara-tel, poison, 274 .
  • Kanats in Persia, 339 n.
• Keddah, for taking elephants, 164 .
• Kelaart, Dr., work on the Zoology of Ceylon, 4 .
  • examination of the Radiata, 395 .
  • discoveries as to the pearl oyster, 375 .
• Kingfisher, 249 . See Birds.
• Kinnis, Dr., cultivates zoology, 4 .
• Kite, on Egyptian sculpture, 246 n.
• Knife-grinder, 432 . See Cicada.
• Knox, R., account of Ceylon fauna, Introd .
  • his description of the Wanderoo, 5 .
  • of elephants executing criminals, 87 .
  • of the mode of catching elephants, 157 .
• Knox, his description of natives fishing, 340 .
• [Greek: Kochlious], 371 .
• Kombook tree, its bark, 170 .
• Korahl, 165 . See Kraal and Corral.
  • derivation of the word, 165 n.
• Kornegalle, beauty of the place, 167 .
• Kottiar, immense oysters, 371 n. See Cottiar.
• Kraal, 165 . See Corral and Korahl.
• Krank-bezoeker, 71 n.

• Layard, E.A., his knowledge of Ceylon zoology, 4 .
  • his collections of Ceylon birds, 241 .
  • story of fish on dry land, 318 .
  • anecdote of burying molluscs, 355 .
• Leaf insect. 408-410. See Insects.
• Leaping fish, 332 . See Salarias alticus.
• Lecanium Caffeæ, 436 .
• Leeches, 479 . See Annelidæ.
  • land leech, 479 .
  • medicinal leech, 483 .
  • cattle leech, 344 .
• Leopard, 25 .
  • in Ceylon confounded with the cheetah, 26 .
  • superstitions regarding, 26 .
  • anecdotes of their ferocity, 27 .
  • attracted by the small-pox, 28 .
  • story of Major Skinner, 29 .
  • monkeys killed by leopards, 31 .
• Lepidoptera, 424 .
• Lepisma, the fish insect, 474 .
• Lima, General de, his account of the weight of elephants' tusks at
  • Mozambique, 79 n.
• Livingstone's account of the "rogue" hippopotamus, 115 n.
• Llama of the Andes, its stomach, 128 n.
• Livy, account of fishes on dry land, 346 .
• Lizards, 271 . See Reptiles.
• Lophobranchi, 362 .
• Loris, 12 . See Mammalia.
  • two varieties in Ceylon, 12 .
  • torture inflicted on it, 13 .
• Lucan, description of the ichneumon, 39 .
• Lycænidæ, 426 .
• Lyre-headed lizard, 277 .

• Macabbees iii. Book, allusion to elephants, 87 n., 211 n.
• Macacus monkey, 5 .
• Machlis described by Cæsar, 101 .
• Macready, Major, account of a noise made by elephants, 97 .
  • his opinion as to the vulnerable point in the elephant's head. 145 n.
• Mahawanso, mentions a white elephant, 93 .
• Mahout, an elephant driver, 181 . See Ponnekella. [pg 496]
• Mahout, alleged short life, 222 .
• Malacopterygii abdominales, 362 .
  • sub-branchiati, 362 .
  • apoda, 362 .
• Mammalia, 3 .
  • Monkeys, 5 .
  • Rilawa, 5 .
  • Wanderoo, 6 .
  • error as to the Ceylon Wanderoo, 6 n.
  • Wanderoo, mode of flight among trees, 9 .
  • monkeys never found dead, 11 .
  • Loris, 12 .
  • tortures inflicted on it, 13 .
  • Bat, flying fox, 14 .
  • skeleton of, 14 .
  • attracted by toddy to the coco-nut palms, 18 .
  • horse-shoe bat, 18 .
  • parasite of the bat, Nycteribia, 20 . 21 .
  • bears, 22 .
  • bears dreaded in Ceylon, 24 .
  • leopards, 25 .
  • attracted by the odour of small pox, 28 .
  • anecdote of a leopard, 29 .
  • lesser felines, 32 .
  • dogs, Pariah, 34 .
  • jackal, 34 .
  • the jackal's horn, 36 .
  • Mongoos, 37 .
  • assaults of Mongoos on the serpent, 38 .
  • squirrels, 41 .
  • the flying squirrel, 41 .
  • rats, the rat snake, 42 .
  • coffee rat, 43 . 44 .
  • bandicoot, 44 . 45 .
  • porcupine, 45 .
  • pengolin, 46 -48.
  • the gaur, 49 .
  • the ox, 50 .
  • anecdote of, 51 .
  • draft oxen, 51 -53.
  • the buffalo, 54 .
  • sporting buffaloes, 55 .
  • peculiarity of the buffalo's foot, 56 .
  • deer, 57 .
  • meminna, 57 . 58 .
  • Ceylon elk, 59 .
  • wild boar, 59 .
  • elephant, 69 . 75 .
  • whale and dugong, 68 . 69 .
  • peculiarities of Ceylon mammalia, 73 .
  • list of, 73 .
• Manaar, mermaid taken at, 69 .
  • elephants shipped at, 162 .
  • pearl fishery, 373 .
• Manis. See Pengolin, 46 .
• Mantis, 410 .
• Massoudi, on the use of elephants in war, 211 n.
  • his account of pearl-diving, 377 n.
• Mastacembelus, 338 . See Eels.
• Megasthenes' account of the mermaid, 69 .
• Mehemet Ali, story of, 34 .
• Melania Paludina, its habit of burying itself, 355 .
  • its hybernation, 355 .
• Melania, story of a law suit decided by, 355 n.
• Meleagrina, 373 n. See Pearl fishery.
• Meminna deer, 58 .
• Mercator, 68 .
• Mercer, Mr., his story of an elephant fight, 86 .
• Mermaid, 68 . See Dugong.
• Mermaids, at Manaar, 69 .
  • at Amboina, 70 .
  • at Booro, 71 .
  • at Edam, 72 .
• Millipeds, Julus, 477 .
• Mites, 472 .
• Mollusca. See Shells.
• Molyneux, on the anatomy of the elephant, 122 n.
• Mongoos, 38 . See Ichneumon.
  • species at Neuera-ellia, Herpestes Vitticollis, 38 .
  • story of its antidote against the bite of serpents, 39 .
  • its mode of killing snakes, 39 .
• Monkeys, 5 .
  • never found dead, 11 .
  • a white monkey, 8 .
• Moors of Galle, make ornaments of the elephant's teeth, 153 .
• Moors, as caravan drivers, 53 .
• Moose deer, 58 . See Meminna.
• Morris, Mr., account of fishes on land, 348 .
• Mosquitoes, their cunning, 434 .
  • Herodotus, account of, 436 .
  • probably the plague of flies, 434 n.
• Moths, 427 . See Insects.
• Munster, Sebastian, 68 .
• Musical fishes, 380 .
  • account of, at Batticaloa, 380 .
  • similar phenomena at other places, 383 n.
  • fishes known to utter sounds, 384 .
  • Tritonia arborescens, 385 .
• Musk, 32 .
• Mygale, spider, 465 .
• Myriapods, 472 .

• Narric-comboo, 37 . See Jackal's Horn.
• Natural history neglected in Ceylon, 3 .
• Neela-cobeya, pigeon, 258 .
• Neuroptera, 411 .
• Nietner, on Ceylon insects, Introd .
• Nycteribia, parasite of the bat, 20 . 21 .
  • its extraordinary structure, 22 .

• Odoric of Portenau, his cure for leech bites, 481 .
  • his account of birds with two heads, 243 .
  • his account of fishes in Ceylon, 324 n. [pg 497]
• Oiketicus, 430 .
• Oil-bird, 269 .
• Ophidia, 321 .
• Ortelius, 68 .
• Orthoptera, 408 .
• Ouanderoo. See Wanderoo.
• Owen, Professor, on the structure of the elephant's tusk, 228 .
  • on the Protopterus of the Gambia, 352 .
• Owls. See Birds.
• Oxen, their uses and diseases, 50 .
  • anecdote of a cow and a leopard, 51 .
  • white, eight feet high, seen by Wolf, 52 n.
• Oysters at Bentotte, 371 .
  • immense, at Kottiar, 371 n.

• Pachydermata, 59 . 74 .
• Padivil, the great tank, 262 .
• Pallegoix, on the elephants of Siam, 98 n.
  • on the fishes of Siam, 347 .
• Palm-cat, 32 .
• Panickeas, elephant catchers, 150 . 158 .
  • their skill, 159 .
• Pariah dogs, 33 .
• Paris, Matthew, on the elephant, 103 .
• Paroquets, their habits; anecdote of, 256 .
• Passeres, 248 .
• Patterson, R., Esq., Introd .
• Pea-fowl, 244 . See Birds.
  • fable of the jackdaw, 244 .
• Pearl fishery of Ceylon, its antiquity, 373 .
  • dreary scenery of Aripo, 373 .
  • disappearances of the pearl-oyster, 374 .
  • capable of transplantation, 376 .
  • operation of diving, 377 .
  • endurance of the divers under water, 377 .
  • growth of the pearl-oyster, 379 .
  • pearls of Tamblegam, 380 .
• Pelicans, 262 .
  • strange scene at their breeding place, 263 .
• Pengolin, 46 .
  • its habits and food, 47 .
  • skeleton of, 48 .
• Phile, his account of the elephant, 103 .
  • error as to its joints, 107 .
  • describes its drinking, 121 n.
  • its dispositions, 216 n.
  • on the elephant's ear, 224 .
  • on elephants burying their dead, 235 .
• Phillipe, on the elephant of Ceylon, 209 .
• Phyllium, 410 . See Leaf Insect.
• Physalus urticulus, 400 . See Portuguese Man-of-war.
• Pictet, Mon., his derivation of the word "elephant," 76 n.
• Pigeons, 257 . See Birds.
• Pigeons, Lady Torrington's pigeon, 258 .
• Placuna placenta, pearls of, 380 .
• Planaria, 398 . See Radiata.
• Pliny's nereids, 72 n.
  • error as to elephants shedding their tusks, 79 n.
  • error as to their antipathy to other animals, 85 .
  • error as to elephant's joints, 100 .
  • account of the machlis, 101 n.
  • his knowledge of the vulnerability of the elephant's head, 144 n.
  • of fishes on dry land, 346 .
  • Ponnekella. See Mahout.
• Polybius' account of fishes on dry land, 346 .
• Pomponius, Mela, account of fishes on land, 346 .
• Porcupine, 45 .
• Portuguese belief in the mermaid, 69 .
  • Man-of-war, 400 .
• Pott, his derivation of the word elephant, 76 n.
• Presbytes cephalopterus, 7 .
  • ursinus, 6 . 9 .
  • Thersites, 6 . 10 .
  • its fondness of attention, 10 .
  • Priamus, 10 .
  • its curiosity, 11 .
• Protopterus of the Gambia, 352 .
• Pseudophidia, 322 .
• Pterois volitans, 333 .
• Pterophorus, 430 . See Insects.
• Pteropus, 14 . See Flying Fox.
• Pyrard de Laval, on the Ceylon elephant, 209 .
• Python, its great size, 303 .

• Quadrumana, 5 . 74 .
• Quatrefage on the Rotifera, 487 .

• Radiata, star-fish, 395 .
  • sea-slugs, holothuria, 396 .
  • parasitic worms, 396 .
  • Guinea worm, 397 .
  • planaria, 398 .
  • acalephæ, 398 .
  • Portuguese Man-of-war, 400 .
  • Red infusoria, 400 .
• Raja-kariya, forced labour, in elephant hunts, 170 .
• Raja-welle estate, story of an elephant at, 133 n.
• Ramayana, Ceylon elephants mentioned in, 210 .
• Rats, 42 .
  • eaten as food in Oovah and Bintenne, 43 .
  • liable to hydrophobia, 43 .
  • coffee rat, 43 .
  • bandicoot, 44 .
• Rat snake, anecdote of, 43 . [pg 498]
• Rat-snake, domesticated, 299 n.
• Ray, 326 . 327 .
• Reinaud, on the ancient use of the elephant in Indian wars, 205 n.
• Reptiles of Ceylon described by Dr. Davy, Introd .
  • lizards, iguana, 271 .
  • kabara-tel, poison, 272 .
  • blood-suckers, 275 .
  • calotes, the green, 276 .
  • lyre-headed lizard, 277 .
  • chameleon, 278 .
  • ceratophora, 279 .
  • gecko, anecdotes of, 281 . 282 .
  • crocodile, anecdotes of, 282 . 283 .
  • crocodile and alligator, skulls of, 283 .
  • tortoises, 289 .
  • parasites of the tortoise, 289 .
  • Terrapins, 290 .
  • cruel mode of cutting up turtle, 291 .
  • turtle, said to be poisonous, 292 .
  • hawk's-bill turtle, 293 .
  • cruel mode of taking tortoise-shell, 293 .
  • snakes, few poisonous, 294 .
  • tic-polonga, 296 .
  • cobra de capello, 297 .
  • legends of the cobra, 297 -298 n.
  • uropeltis, 301 .
  • the python, 303 .
  • haplocercus, 304 .
  • tree-snakes, 305 .
  • water snakes, 308 .
  • sea snakes, 308 .
  • the snake-stone and its composition, 312 -317.
  • cæcilia, 317 .
  • frogs, 318 .
  • tree frogs, 319 .
  • list of Ceylon reptiles, 321 .
  • snakes peculiar to Ceylon, 322 .
• Rhinolophus, 19 . See Horse-shoe Bat.
• Ribeyro's account of pearl-diving, 378 .
• Rilawa monkey, 5 .
• Rodentia, 41 . 74 .
• Rogers, Major, story of his horse, 84 .
  • his death by lightning, 84 n.
  • anecdote of an elephant killed by him, 107 .
  • great numbers of elephants shot by him, 142 .
• "A Rogue" elephant. See Elephant, 114 .
  • derivation of the term "Rogue," 114.
• Ronkedor, 114 . See "Rogue."
• Ronquedue, 114 . See "Rogue."
  • dangerous encounters with, 136 .
• Rotifera, marvellous faculty in, 486 .
• Rousette. See Flying-fox and Pteropus, 14 .
• Ruminantia, 49 . 74 .

• Salarias Alticus, 332 .
  • almasius, 68 .
• Sardines, said to be poisonous, 324 .
• Saw fish, 325 . See Fishes.
• Scaliger, Julius, 68 .
• Scansores, 256 .
• Scarus harid, 335 .
• Schenck, 371 . See Chank.
• Schlegel's essay on the elephant, 208 n.
• Schlegel, Prof., of Leyden, his account of the Sumatran elephant, 66 .
• Schmarda, Prof., 5 .
• Schomburgk, Sir R., on the fishes of Guiana, 347 .
• Sciurus Tennentii, 41 n.
• Scolopiendræ, centipede, 474 .
• Scorpions, 474 .
• Sea slugs, holothuria, 397 .
• Sea snakes, 308 .
• Seir-fish, 324 .
• Seneca, account of fishes on dry land, 346 .
• Septuagint, allusion to elephants in, 87 . 210 n.
• Serpents, 294 . See Reptiles.
• Shakspeare, on the elephant, 105 .
  • describes its capture in pit-falls, 157 n.
• Sharks, 325 .
• Shark charmer, 378 .
• Shaw, error as to elephants shedding their tusks, 79 n.
• Shells of Ceylon, 369 .
  • lanthina, 370 .
  • Bullia vittata, 370 .
  • chanks, 371 .
  • oysters, immense, 371 n.
  • Helix hæmastoma, 372 .
  • Pearl fishery, 373 .
  • Musical shells, 381 .
  • Mr. Henley's memorandum, 386 .
  • uncertainty as to species, 387 .
  • list of Ceylon shells, 388 .
• Siam, fishes on dry land, 347 .
• Silk, cultivated by the Dutch, 429 .
• Silkworm. See Insects.
• Sindbad's story of the elephants burying-place, 236 .
• Skinner, Major, knowledge of Ceylon. Introd . n.
  • adventure with a leopard, 30 .
  • great number of elephants killed by him, 142 .
  • description of the Panickeas or elephant catchers, 158 . 159 n.
  • anecdotes of elephants, 118 .
  • collection of Ceylon fish, 339 .
• Small-pox attracts the leopard, 28 .
  • native superstition, 29 .
• Snakes, 294 . See Reptiles.
  • few venomous, 296 .
  • tic-polonga, 296 .
  • cobra de capello, 297 .
  • legends of, 297 n.
  • stories of, 298 . [pg 499]
• Snakes, tamed snakes, 299 n.
  • snakes crossing the sea, 300 .
  • curious tradition of the cobra-de-capello, 300 .
  • uropeltis, and explanation of the popular belief, 302 .
  • reluctance of Buddhists to kill snakes, 303 .
  • python or "boa," 303 .
  • tree snakes, 305 .
  • the Passerita fusca, 306 .
  • water snakes, 308 .
  • sea snakes, 308 .
  • their geographical distribution, 309 .
  • their habits, 310 .
  • cæcilia, 317 .
• Snake-stone, its alleged virtue, 312 .
  • anecdotes of its use, 312 .
  • analysis of, by Professor Faraday, 315 .
• Sofala, pearls at, 375 n.
• Solinus, on the elephant, 103 .
• Soothsayer insect, 410 .
• Spectre butterfly, 426 .
• Spiders. See Arachnida, 464 .
  • at Gampola, 465 .
  • at Pusilawa, 471 .
• Squirrel, 41 .
  • the flying squirrel, 44 .
• Star-fish, 396 . See Radiata.
• Stick insect, 410 . See Insects.
• Stinging caterpillars, 429 .
• Strabo, his account of fishes on dry land, 346 .
• Strachan, Mr., account of the elephants shipped at Ceylon, 163 n, 210 n.
• Stuckley, on the anatomy of the elephant, 123 n.
• Sumatra confounded with Ceylon, 67 .
  • elephant of, 64 .
  • points in which it differs from that of India, 65 .
• Sun bird, 249 . See Birds.
• Superstitions:—Singhalese folk-lore regarding bears, 24 n.
  • leopards, 27 . 29 .
  • mongoos, 38 .
  • kabra-goya, 273 .
  • cobra-de-capello, 300 .
  • use of snake-stones, 315 .
  • elephants' burial-place, 236 .
• Suriya trees, caterpillars on, 429 .
• Syrnum Indranee, 246 . See Devil-bird.
• Swallows, 248 . See Birds.
• Sword-fish, 328 .

• Tailor-bird, 251 . See Birds;
• Tamblegam, lake of, 380 .
  • pearls, 380 .
• Tarentula, Mygale fasciata, 465 .
  • fight with a cockroach, 467 .
  • numerous at Gampola, 465 .
• Tavalam, a caravan of bullocks, 53 .
• Tavernier, error as to Ceylon elephants, 203 . 214 .
• Taylor, the translator of Aristotle, his error as to elephants' joints,
  • 102 .
• Tchitrea paradisi, 250 .
• Temminck, his discovery of the Sumatran elephant, 64 .
  • his account of it, 65 .
• Templeton, Dr. R.A., his knowledge of Ceylon, Introd .
  • his valuable aid in the present work, ib.
  • his cultivation of zoology, 4 .
  • notice of Ceylon monkeys, 6 .
• Termites, white ants, their ravages, 412 .
  • whence comes their moisture, 412 n.
• Terrapins, 290 .
• Terrier, attacks an elephant, 85 .
• Testudinata, 289 .
• Thaun, Philip de, on the elephant, 104 .
• Theobaldus' Physiologus, 104 .
• Theophrastus' account of fishes on dry land, 344 . 345 .
• Thevenot, on the Ceylon elephant, 203 .
• Thomson's "Seasons," error as to the elephant, 106 .
• Thunberg, account of the snake-stone, 317 .
• Thysdnura, 464 .
• Ticks, 475 .
• Tic-polonga, 296 . See Reptiles.
• Tiger at Trincomalie, 25 n.
• Toad, 319 .
• Torrington, Viscount, his tax on dogs, 33 .
• Tortoises, 289 . 291 . See Turtle.
  • parasite of, 289 .
  • fresh-water tortoises, 290 . See Terrapins.
• Tortoise-shell, cruel mode of taking, 293 .
• Tree frogs, 320 .
• Tree snakes, 304 .
• Trepang, 396 . See Sea-slug.
• Tritonia arborescens, 385 . See Musical Fish.
  • letter on, 401 .
• Trombidium tinctorum. See Mites.
• Trumpeting of elephants, 97 . 201 .
• Trunk, elephant's, origin of the name, 97 n.
• Tsetse fly of Africa, 40 .
• Turbinella rapa, 371 . See Chank.
• Turtle, 291 . See Reptiles.
  • barbarous treatment of, 291 .
• Tushes, 79 .
• Tusks, 79 . See Elephant; Ivory.
  • fallacy that they are shed, 79 .
  • weight of, 80 .
  • their uses, 80 .
  • singular shapes of, 88 n. [pg 500]
• Tusks, Dr. Holland's theory of their formation, 88 n.
• Tytler, Mr., story of an elephant, 133 n.

• Uropeltis, 301 .
• Urré! cry of the elephant drivers, 222 .

• Valentyn's account of the mermaid, 70 .
  • Dutch mode of taking elephants, 164 .
• Venloos Bay, its profusion of shells, 369 .
• Vossius, Isaac, 68 .

• Waloora. See Wild-boar, 59 .
  • dreaded by the Singhalese, 59 .
• Wanderoo monkey, 5 .
• Wasps, wasps' nest, 418 .
  • mason-wasp, 416 .
• Water-fowl, 260 . 262 .
• Water snakes, 308 .
• Weaver-bird, 251 .
• Whales, 68 . See Cetacea.
• White, Adam, Esq., Brit Mus., Introd .
• White, of Selbourne, his theory of animals suckled by strange mothers, 113 n.
• White ants, 411 . See Termites.
• Whiting, Mr., account of buried fishes, 342 n., 354 .
• Wild-boar, 59 .
• Wolf, Jo. Christian, travels in Ceylon, 99 n., 115 n.
  • his account of elephants there, 99 .
  • describes pitfalls for elephants, 157 n.
• Wood-carrying moth, 430 . See Insects.
• Worms, parasite, 396 . See Radiata.
• Wound when elephant shooting, 154 .
• Wright, Thomas, Esq., F.S.A., 104 .

• Yarrell's theory of buried fish, 342 .
• Yule's embassy to Ava, 216 n.

• Zimb fly, 434 .
• Zoology neglected in Ceylon, 3 . See Natural History.
  • partial extent to which it has been cultivated, Introd .

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